Tag: Microbiota Seminar

Pawel Kiela (Arizona), Connection between epithelial Na+/H+ exchange, gut microbiome, inflammation, colon cancer

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Dr. Pawel KIELA
Department of Pediatrics- Steele Children’s Research Center- University of Arizona Health Sciences Center – TUCSON – AZ – USA

 

Les conférences FR TransBioMed
Invitation : Claire Larmonier – David Laharie – Thomas Pradeu – ImmunoConcEpT

 

The delicate connection between epithelial Na+/H+ exchange, gut microbiome, inflammation, and colon cancer
 

Abstract:
Pathogenic microorganisms as well as inflammatory mediators associated with acute infections or with chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) lead to inhibition of epithelial Na+/H+ exchange, a phenomenon commonly interpreted as leading to infection/inflammation- associated diarrhea. Moreover, chronic NHE3 deficiency exacerbates inflammation in part by promoting microbial dysbiosis. Our recent work indicates, however, that the effects of NHE3 inhibition are much more complex and may not be unidirectional in promoting pathology. Biology offers a plethora of examples of “double-edged swords”, whereby the same process, molecule or its regulation, plays protective or detrimental roles depending on the context, source, or the extent/duration of response. Short term inhibition of NHE3 may represent an evolutionarily permissible process in certain cases (infection or epithelial restitution), while in more chronic diseases like IBD or colorectal cancer, decreased or eliminated NHE3 activity leads to changes in gut microbiota and epithelial cell metabolism that furthers the disease process. These studies change the way we view Na+/H+ exchange in the context of infection/inflammation and colorectal cancer progression and shed new light into the novel roles of NHE3 in mucosal homeostasis and disease progression.

Group discussion around Pawel Kiela (Arizona): Two recent papers on dysbiosis and Intestinal Na+/H+ Exchange

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Dr. Pawel KIELA
Department of Pediatrics- Steele Children’s Research Center- University of Arizona Health Sciences Center – TUCSON – AZ – USA
 
Two papers of his will be discussed during this group discussion:

Reduced Epithelial Na+/H+ Exchange Drives Gut Microbial Dysbiosis and Promotes Inflammatory Response in T Cell-Mediated Murine Colitis

 
Microbial Dysbiosis Associated with Impaired Intestinal Na+/H+ Exchange Accelerates and Exacerbates Colitis in Ex-Germ Free Mice

 

 

CANCELLED: Charlotte Brives (Centre Emile Durkheim, Bordeaux), The promises of phage therapy

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This event is cancelled.
 
Charlotte Brives (Centre Emile Durkheim, Sciences Po Bordeaux, France)
 
The promises of phage therapy, or why phages are such an interesting object for anthropologists.
 
Abstract
Phage therapy, the use of bacteriophage viruses to treat human bacterial infections, is a century-old practice developed in 1917 by Félix d’Hérelle. After an expansion phase, however, its use declined in Western Europe and the United States from the 1930s onwards. For several years, faced with the emergence of bacterial multi- or even toti-resistant to antibiotics, there has been a desire on the part of various players to see this therapy develop again. The decline and re-emergence of a very particular therapy that makes use of dynamic biological entities is a particularly interesting phenomenon for anthropology. This presentation will be an opportunity to present certain elements on the way biomedical knowledge is produced and used and to better question their underlying representations and conceptions (of the world, health, disease, relationships to other species). We will also see how these concepts, far from being neutral, cut across fields as diverse as science, law, or economics, and how they impose on public health practices and choices.
 
Charlotte Brives (chargée de recherche, CNRS) is specialized in anthropology of science and anthropology of medicine.
 

Raphael Enaud (Bordeaux University Hospital), Microbiota and cystic fibrosis: a new era?

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Raphael Enaud (MD-PhD student) & Laurence Delhaes (MD-PhD)
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common serious genetic disease in Caucasian population. Patient management has improved considerably in recent years. Pulmonary transplantation and protein therapeutics have changed the face of the disease. Before the first lung transplant, the CF disease prognosis was essentially conditioned by the respiratory function deterioration. Since then, the life expectancy of patients has increased and a new reality is emerging: cystic fibrosis is a systemic disease and affects other organs, notably the intestine, which is the site of chronic inflammation. New physiopathological, diagnostic and therapeutic issues emerge.
The research in cystic fibrosis domain did not escape the advent of microbiota analysis using metagenomics, and give us the opportunity to share with you current knowledges on CF microbiota. How does it constitute a new era in CF management? In which way can it explain the intestinal inflammation? Does the gut-lung axis represent a major pathway? Can gut microbiota be used as diagnostic or therapeutic tools?
 
 

Nadine Cerf-Bensussan, Host-microbiota interactions across the gut immune system: an evolutionary trade-off

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Nadine Cerf-Bensussan, “Host-microbiota interactions across the gut immune system: an evolutionary trade-off”
Abstract
To cope with the complex microbial community that settles in the distal part of our intestine after birth, hosts have evolved a spectrum of complementary innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. This highly dynamic barrier is programmed ante-natally but fully develops only after birth in response to signals from the microbiota. To analyse the host-microbiota dialogue, we have chosen to address two main questions.
1- What are the respective roles of individual bacterium in driving the maturation of the gut barrier? Do they exert distinctive or redundant effects? Our studies in gnotobiotic mice have unexpectedly revealed that a restricted number of host-specific bacterial species, the prototype of which is Segmented Filamentous bacterium (SFB), are necessary for the complete maturation of the gut immune barrier. We will discuss how the ecological niche of SFB differs from that of other members of the microbiota, and enables SFB to deliver signals, which instruct the development of gut innate and adaptive immune responses and help establishing a state of physiological inflammation, which protects the host against pathogens.
2- What are the key mechanisms evolved by the hosts, to cope with the microbiota? Our current work led in children affected by monogenic disorders causing early onset intestinal inflammation provides interesting insight on conserved genetic mechanisms to maintain mutualistic relationships with the microbiota.
More information.

Silvia Bulgheresi (University of Vienna), Dressed to Cooperate – Marine Nematode-Bacterium Symbioses

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Silvia Bulgheresi (University of Vienna, Austria, Department of Ecogenomics & Systems Biology)

Abstract:
Up to now, the study of bacterial reproduction focused on model organisms. On the other hand, cell biological research on environmental bacteria – including those thriving on animal surfaces – are scarce. Marine nematodes engage in binary associations with chemosynthetic Gammaproteobacteria. The spatial dispositions of the bacterial symbionts on the surface of their cognate hosts is species-specific, invariable, and mediated by extraordinary reproductive strategies: the rod-shaped Laxus oneistus and Robbea hypermnestra symbionts widen and set their septation planes longitudinally (Leisch et al., 2012, 2016). The Eubostrichus fertilis symbiont can divide at virtually every length between 4 and 45 µm resulting in an unprecedented 10-fold length variation within the same cell population. Finally, the up to 120 µm-long E. dianeae symbiont is the longest bacteria known to divide by symmetric transverse fission (Pende et al., 2014). We want to determine the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the anomalous reproductive strategies of animal-attached bacteria and their ecological significance.

Thomas Bosch (Kiel), The Holobiont Imperative: Novel Perspectives for Biology and Medicine

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Thomas Bosch (Zoologisches Institut, University of Kiel, Germany; Head of DFG project “Origin and Function of Metaorganisms”)

Abstract:
For a long time, the main purpose of host-associated microbiology was to study pathogenic bacteria and infectious disease; the potential benefit of good bacteria remained unrecognized. In the last 10 years, biology has made revolutionary advances from century-old debates about the relative importance of non-pathogenic bacteria. Today we know that individuals are not solitary, homogenous entities but consist of complex communities of many species that likely evolved during a billion years of coexistence. Holobionts (hosts and their microbes) and hologenomes (all genomes of the holobiont) are multipartite entities that result from ecological, evolutionary and genetic processes. I propose, therefore, that the health of animals, including humans, is fundamental multi-organismal; that any disturbance within the complex community of host and microbial cells has drastic consequences for the wellbeing of the individual member of this association; and that the microbiome can be viewed as an organ of the host. This newfound awareness of the dependency of phenotypes on other species and environmental conditions presents additional layers of complexity for evolutionary theory and raises many questions that are being addressed by new research programmes.